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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood neurobehavioral disorder, and often co-occurs with psychiatric (ie, anxiety, depression, oppositional defiant, or conduct), developmental (ie, learning and language or autism spectrum), and physical disorders (ie, tics, sleep apnea).1 A spate of recent articles reveals the complexity and conundrums of diagnosis and therapy.
Thapar and colleagues from the Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology and the MRC Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics at Cardiff University, United Kingdom reviewed the literature on the causes of ADHD.2
They report that genetic studies have yielded largely inconsistent results but that genes regulating dopaminergic pathways appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Functional polymorphism in …
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