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PICO
Question: Among adolescents in the United States, is active smoking or secondhand smoke exposure associated with kidney function?
Question type: Causation
Study type: Cross-sectional
Investigators from Johns Hopkins University and 2 institutions in Spain conducted a cross-sectional study of adolescents 12 to 17 years of age to determine if there is an association between active smoking or secondhand smoke (SHS) and kidney function. The investigators utilized data from the 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative population survey administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Participants were classified as active smokers based on self-report by questionnaire or serum cotinine concentration over 10 ng/ml. SHS exposure was defined as either a nonactive smoker …
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