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Dr Neuspiel has disclosed no financial relationship relevant to this commentary. This commentary does not contain a discussion of an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device.
In observational studies treatments cannot be randomized, so there is always the possibility of confounding: when unmeasured differences between groups affect exposure to risk factors or treatments. One way to control for possible confounding is the use of matching: the pairing of treatment-positive individuals with comparison patients who are similar in other observable features. First generation matching methods pair patients based on a …
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