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Investigators from multiple Canadian institutions conducted a retrospective sibling-matched cohort study to assess the effect of surgical procedures requiring general anesthesia on early childhood development. Data were obtained from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) in Toronto. ICES houses demographic and child development information for all children enrolled in Ontario public and Catholic schools from 2004–2012. Child development information was obtained through administration of the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a 103-item questionnaire completed by teachers before student kindergarten entry (child age of 5–6 years); it contains 5 major domains (physical health and well-being, social knowledge and competence, emotional health and maturity, language and cognitive development, and communication …
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